to drawe a cord through your nose, mouth or hand, so sensiblie as is woonderful to see\ncrotch with thread through it, really inside the wood around nose\n unknown\nhow to seeme to pull a rope through your nose\n unknown
1584
the discoverie of witchcraft
Unknown
To drawe a cord through your nose, mouth or hand, so sensiblie as is woonderful to see
crotch with thread through it, really inside the wood around nose
a notable feate of fast or loose; namelie, to pull three beadstones from off a cord, while you hold fast the ends thereof, without removing of your hand\ngrandmother's necklace\n unknown\na notable feat of fast and loose; namely, to pull three beadstones from off a cord, while you hold fast the ends thereof, without removing of your hands\n unknown
1584
the discoverie of witchcraft
Unknown
A notable feate of fast or loose; namelie, to pull three beadstones from off a cord, while you hold fast the ends thereof, without removing of your hand
how to seeme to pull a rope through your nose\ncrotch with thread through it, really inside the wood around nose\n unknown\nto drawe a cord through your nose, mouth or hand, so sensiblie as is woonderful to see\n unknown
1634
the art of legerdemain discovered
Unknown
How to seeme to pull a rope through your nose
crotch with thread through it, really inside the wood around nose
a notable feat of fast and loose; namely, to pull three beadstones from off a cord, while you hold fast the ends thereof, without removing of your hands\n\n unknown\na notable feate of fast or loose; namelie, to pull three beadstones from off a cord, while you hold fast the ends thereof, without removing of your hand\n unknown
1634
the art of legerdemain discovered
Unknown
A notable feat of Fast and Loose; namely, to pull three beadstones from off a Cord, while you hold fast the ends thereof, without removing of your hands
les anneaux enfilés dans un double ruban\ngrandmother's necklace - routine, with rings and ribbon, referencing ozanam\n unknown
1784
la magie blanche dévoilée
Unknown
Les Anneaux Enfilés Dans un Double Ruban
grandmother's necklace - routine, with rings and ribbon, referencing Ozanam
deux moyens différens, l'un ancien, l'autre nouveau, de le faire lier les pouces, & de se délier en un instant.\n"métamorphose d'un verre en morceaux de papier. réflexions sur les fausses théories. prétention absurde. preuve captieuse de cette prétention." (title continued) more tricks by pilferer, two methods for thumb tie and a glass is thrown into the air where it changes into confetti / pieces of cards, seated, thoughts about vanishing an object by throwing it into the air and the advantages of using confetti\nhenri decremps
1785
supplément a la magie blanche dévoillée Henri Decremps
Deux moyens différens, l'un ancien, l'autre nouveau, de le faire lier les pouces, & de se délier en un instant.
"Métamorphose d'un verre en morceaux de papier. Réflexions sur les fausses théories. Prétention absurde. Preuve captieuse de cette prétention." (title continued) more tricks by Pilferer, two methods for thumb tie and a glass is thrown into the air where it changes into confetti / pieces of cards, seated, thoughts about vanishing an object by throwing it into the air and the advantages of using confetti
a new ropes and rings experiment\nsimilar to grandmother's necklace, with jacket, ropes and rings\nstanley collins\nfirst class passage\nstewart james
1915
original magical creations Stanley Collins
A New Ropes and Rings Experiment
similar to Grandmother's Necklace, with jacket, ropes and rings
the spirit bracelet\nhands of performer and spectator tied with string between them, wooden ring penetrates in three phases\n unknown
1937
the jinx 1-50
Unknown
The Spirit Bracelet
hands of performer and spectator tied with string between them, wooden ring penetrates in three phases
tannen's ring, knot and rope\nborrowed finger ring travels from handkerchief in knot on rope\nlouis tannen\nring and rope\njohn howie
1942/27
tarbell course in magic — volume 2 Louis Tannen
Tannen's Ring, Knot and Rope
borrowed finger ring travels from handkerchief in knot on rope
do-nuts to you\ngrandmother's necklace with donuts and ropes going through sleeves of jacket, bowl of water is produced as a finale\njean hugard
1943
hugard's magic monthly - volumes i, ii, iii and iv Jean Hugard
Do-Nuts to You
grandmother's necklace with donuts and ropes going through sleeves of jacket, bowl of water is produced as a finale
ring, rope and pin\nborrowed ring penetrates rope\n unknown\nchinese coin mystery\narthur h. buckley\ncolor ring transposition\nglenn g. gravatt
1943/27
tarbell course in magic — volume 3
Unknown
the cords of phantasia\ntwo ropes are penetrated by silks, grandmother's necklace\nottokar fischer
1945/27
tarbell course in magic — volume 4 Ottokar Fischer
The Cords of Phantasia
two ropes are penetrated by silks, grandmother's necklace
a rope cutting tie-up\nscissors are tossed onto rope loop and are then linked to rope\nfrancis j. rigney
1946
hugard's magic monthly - volumes i, ii, iii and iv Francis J. Rigney
A Rope Cutting Tie-Up
scissors are tossed onto rope loop and are then linked to rope
linked\ntwo ropes hanging on performer's shoulder link, see also ring & tape sequence in "sefalaljia"\npaul curry\nlinklater\nelizabeth warlock\nloops entwined\njack avis\nend result\nj. w. sarles\nlinked\npaul curry\nbunny ears\nwilliam goodwin
1947
the phoenix 101-150 Paul Curry
Linked
two ropes hanging on performer's shoulder link, see also ring & tape sequence in "Sefalaljia"
on and off\ntwo ribbon rings threaded through a nut and lowered into a hat, under a handkerchief the selected ribbon penetrates the nut\npaul curry\non and off\npaul curry
1947
the phoenix 101-150 Paul Curry
On and Off
two ribbon rings threaded through a nut and lowered into a hat, under a handkerchief the selected ribbon penetrates the nut
eskow's act\nlong routine, cut and restored rope, handkerchief penetrates rope, bill travels into knot of handkerchief and torn of corner into a rope, see p. 690 for tips and ideas by hen fetsch\nsteve eskow\neskow's act\nsteve eskow\nburnt to the core\ndan harlan
1948
the phoenix 151-200 Steve Eskow
Eskow's Act
long routine, cut and restored rope, handkerchief penetrates rope, bill travels into knot of handkerchief and torn of corner into a rope, see p. 690 for tips and ideas by Hen Fetsch
glorifying your magic\n1. califaction of handkerchiefs (silks in dove pan merge together)
2. how to spell trust? (oddity on coin)
3. key card placement (charlier pass)
4. 20th century silks idea
5. zombie idea (floating flower pot)
6. comedy bits with a stooge
7. miser's dream shower (with handkerchief)
8. thumb tip idea (with scotch tape)
9. thimble color change
10. the cotton bunny (cotton bunny to real one, dove pan)\njack yeager
1948
ireland's yearbooks Jack Yeager
Glorifying Your Magic
1. Califaction of Handkerchiefs (silks in dove pan merge together)
2. How to spell trust? (oddity on coin)
3. Key Card Placement (Charlier Pass)
4. 20th Century Silks idea
5. Zombie Idea (floating flower pot)
6. Comedy bits with a stooge
7. Miser's Dream Shower (with handkerchief)
8. Thumb Tip Idea (with scotch tape)
9. Thimble color change
10. The cotton bunny (cotton bunny to real one, dove pan)
rip it\nhandkerchief tied on rope, is pulled free\njohn hamilton\ntear it\njohn hamilton\ntear it\njohn hamilton
1951
the phoenix 201 — 250 John Hamilton
mohammed bey's ring on rope routine\n\nsam leo horowitz\nel aro en la varita y en la cuerda\nsam leo horowitz
1952
jardine ellis ring on stick and ring on rope Sam Leo Horowitz
a twist thru the wrist\nstring through spectator's wrist, string loop with two paperclips\njohn r. boyko\na twist through the wrist\njohn r. boyko\npins & cord\nstewart judah
1953
the phoenix 251 - 300 John R. Boyko
A Twist Thru the Wrist
string through spectator's wrist, string loop with two paperclips
brema + taylor\nbrema nut, nut off rope, with handkerchief\nfranklin v. taylor\nbrema plus taylor\nfranklin v. taylor
1954
the phoenix 251 - 300 Franklin V. Taylor
ring and rope\npenetrates rope three times\njohn howie\nu.f. grant's "ellis ring on rope" in "m.g.a. inc. lecture" 1952\npeter warlock's "a trick wrongly named sefalaljia" in "the magic circular" vol. 46, no. 507.\ntannen's ring, knot and rope\nlouis tannen
1955
routines with the jardine ellis ring John Howie
Ring and Rope
penetrates rope three times
Inspired by
U.F. Grant's "Ellis Ring on Rope" in "M.G.A. Inc. Lecture" 1952
Peter Warlock's "A Trick Wrongly Named Sefalaljia" in "The Magic Circular" Vol. 46, No. 507.
a twist through the wrist\nstring through spectator's wrist, string loop with two paper clips\njohn r. boyko\na twist thru the wrist\njohn r. boyko
1956
the best in magic John R. Boyko
A Twist Through the Wrist
string through spectator's wrist, string loop with two paper clips
brema plus taylor\nbrema nut, nut off rope, with handkerchief\nfranklin v. taylor\nbrema + taylor\nfranklin v. taylor
1956
the best in magic Franklin V. Taylor
eskow's act\nlong routine, cut and restored rope, handkerchief penetrates rope, bill travels into knot of handkerchief and torn of corner into a rope\nsteve eskow\neskow's act\nsteve eskow
1956
the best in magic Steve Eskow
Eskow's Act
long routine, cut and restored rope, handkerchief penetrates rope, bill travels into knot of handkerchief and torn of corner into a rope
more string tricks\nexamples of knots in strings/ropes that can allow penetration effects or escape effects\n unknown
1956
mathematics, magic and mystery
Unknown
More String Tricks
Examples of knots in strings/ropes that can allow penetration effects or escape effects
silks and ropes routine\nthree handkerchiefs penetrate ropes, and ropes with different colors fuse together\ndino mazza\nlu brent
1964
the new phoenix 351-400 Dino Mazza, Lu Brent
Silks and Ropes Routine
three handkerchiefs penetrate ropes, and ropes with different colors fuse together
quadrangular cup\nfirst cup, then ring is magically threaded onto rope under handkerchief\nj. w. sarles
1966
the pallbearers review vol. 1-4 J. W. Sarles
Quadrangular Cup
first cup, then ring is magically threaded onto rope under handkerchief
ring, rope and silks\nmiddle of the rope and a ring are placed into a hat, ring is threaded on the rope, magnet\nravelle \nandree
1967
the art of close-up magic - volume 1 Ravelle, Andree
Ring, Rope and Silks
middle of the rope and a ring are placed into a hat, ring is threaded on the rope, magnet
babel\nwillard's thumb tie presentation, coding with dog whistle over telephone (see also p. 68), ectoplasm\nkarl fulves
1968
the pallbearers review vol. 1-4 Karl Fulves
Babel
Willard's thumb tie presentation, coding with dog whistle over telephone (see also p. 68), ectoplasm
rope thru\nrope through performer's body\njoseph k. schmidt\nrope thru variation\njoseph k. schmidt\nrope thru impromptu!\nroy johnson
1970
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 Joseph K. Schmidt
blok-ring transpo\nblok on thread and small ring off thread transpose underneath silk, uses blok-kord apparatus\nkirk stiles
1970
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 Kirk Stiles
Blok-Ring Transpo
blok on thread and small ring off thread transpose underneath silk, uses Blok-Kord apparatus
scientific rope\nmagnetic ends, held together with thread
- cut & restored
- disappearing knot
- penetration of a wand or pencil\njohn hamilton
1970
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 John Hamilton
Scientific Rope
magnetic ends, held together with thread
- cut & restored
- Disappearing Knot
- Penetration Of A Wand Or Pencil
the left-handed knot\ncomedy rope routine with two spectators and ring, woman can free rope from ring and man cannot
- handling of the knot
- outline of the routine
- the psychic release
see also p. 676 for anecdote\nkarl fulves\nrobot ring\nkarl fulves\nharness hitch bet\nkarl fulves
1971
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 Karl Fulves
The Left-Handed Knot
comedy rope routine with two spectators and ring, woman can free rope from ring and man cannot
- Handling of the Knot
- Outline of the Routine
- The Psychic Release
see also p. 676 for anecdote
color ring transposition\ninspired by stewart james' sefalaljia\nglenn g. gravatt\nring, rope and pin\n unknown
1972
tarbell course in magic — volume 7 Glenn G. Gravatt
psychic ring\nrope tied on both wrists of the performer, spectator's as well but with hands behind him, plastic ring is linked onto spectator's rope, then also his own rope then only performer's rope, see also p. 513\ntheodore annemann\nrelease!\n unknown\nthree rings\nmartin gardner
1972
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 Theodore Annemann
Psychic Ring
rope tied on both wrists of the performer, spectator's as well but with hands behind him, plastic ring is linked onto spectator's rope, then also his own rope then only performer's rope, see also p. 513
tom's thumb tie illusion\nillusion, wooden block penetrates hands, thumb tied around a guillotine-like stand\ntom fitzgerald
1972
the compleat magick - volume 1 Tom Fitzgerald
Tom's Thumb Tie Illusion
illusion, wooden block penetrates hands, thumb tied around a guillotine-like stand
latest rope & ring\nmultiple knots appear on rope and ring in chosen knot, see also p. 711\ng. w. hunter
1973
the pallbearers review vol. 9-10 G. W. Hunter
Latest Rope & Ring
multiple knots appear on rope and ring in chosen knot, see also p. 711
ghost knot\nknot while the spectator holds both ends, in the end the rope is linked to performer's buttonhole\nhorace e. bennett\n"secret of gordius" (john benzais, the new jinx #58)\nghost knot\nhorace e. bennett
1973
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 Horace E. Bennett
Ghost Knot
knot while the spectator holds both ends, in the end the rope is linked to performer's buttonhole
Inspired by
"Secret of Gordius" (John Benzais, The New Jinx #58)
lightning link\nsee also p. 684 for credit information, and p. 757 for more credit information by sid lorraine regarding dr. fred ervis and richard durham\na. kojima\nlightning unlink\nkarl fulves\nthe linking ropes\nconrad c. bush\nlightning link ii\nsam schwartz\nfrom tom hubbard\ntom hubbard\nup the sleeve\njoseph k. schmidt
1973
the pallbearers review vol. 5-8 A. Kojima
Lightning Link
see also p. 684 for credit information, and p. 757 for more credit information by Sid Lorraine regarding Dr. Fred Ervis and Richard Durham
pins & cord\nstring through spectator's wrist, string looped with two safety pins, four phases\nstewart judah\na twist thru the wrist\njohn r. boyko
1975
the pallbearers review vol. 9-10 Stewart Judah
Pins & Cord
string through spectator's wrist, string looped with two safety pins, four phases
moniker\nhandle of a pint beer mug is threaded on a ribbon and under a handkerchief removed magically from it\neric mason\noff the handle\ncaptain f.w. collins\njohn ramsay\nbob ostin\nmason's moniker modified\nray waters\nentfesselt\nchristian scherer
1976
pabular Eric Mason
Moniker
handle of a pint beer mug is threaded on a ribbon and under a handkerchief removed magically from it
gemini rope\nrope around spectator's fourth finger, it's pulled and penetrates finger
- the basic method
- stephen mathews notes
- notes by karl fulves\nstephen mathews\nnotes\nkarl fulves\nletters\nleonard hevia\nron mccroby\nwalter brusa
1979
the chronicles Stephen Mathews
Gemini Rope
rope around spectator's fourth finger, it's pulled and penetrates finger
- The Basic Method
- Stephen Mathews Notes
- Notes By Karl Fulves
darknot\nrope tied around table leg, people distributed around and on top of table, lights out and on, now rope suddenly around another table leg\nkarl fulves\ndarkroom effect\nkarl fulves
1979
the chronicles Karl Fulves
Darknot
rope tied around table leg, people distributed around and on top of table, lights out and on, now rope suddenly around another table leg
christmas cord\npenetration with pair of scissors, under handkerchief\ndavid britland\nsefalaljia\nstewart james\nsefalaljia iii\ncharles nyquist\njames g. thompson jr.
1981
spell-binder David Britland
Christmas Cord
penetration with pair of scissors, under handkerchief
simian simile\nthree-phase routine with two brass nuts and a string, several penetrations, using gaffed brema nut\nstewart james
1983
arcane Stewart James
Simian Simile
three-phase routine with two brass nuts and a string, several penetrations, using gaffed Brema Nut
concorde\nenvelope with two holes and rope through them, borrowed ring tossed in envelope, when rope is torn out the ring is on the rope\nstephen tucker\n"the geminii book" (martin breese)
1984
magic with finger rings Stephen Tucker
Concorde
envelope with two holes and rope through them, borrowed ring tossed in envelope, when rope is torn out the ring is on the rope
vernon's rope puzzle\nperformer ties his fingers up with rope, pulls, rope comes free, spectator cannot duplicate it
- the vernon puzzle (method #1)
- notes by karl fulves
- the vernon puzzle (method #2)\ndai vernon\nsam schwartz\n"rope puzzle" (tenkai, genii, may 1971, p. 434)\nstring thru hand\nconrad c. bush\ndai vernon
1986
contemporary rope magic - part ii Dai Vernon, Sam Schwartz
Vernon's Rope Puzzle
performer ties his fingers up with rope, pulls, rope comes free, spectator cannot duplicate it
- The Vernon Puzzle (Method #1)
- Notes by Karl Fulves
- The Vernon Puzzle (Method #2)
rope problem #1 - elevator ring\nrope loop, two rings on it, one jumps from one side of the rope to the other, posed as a problem\nkarl fulves
1986
contemporary rope magic - part i Karl Fulves
Rope Problem #1 - Elevator Ring
rope loop, two rings on it, one jumps from one side of the rope to the other, posed as a problem
ricochet ring\n"bounding bangle", ring on loop of rope, held between hands, ring jumps from lower strand to upper strand\njames g. thompson jr.\nricochet knot\nkarl fulves
1986
contemporary rope magic - part i James G. Thompson Jr.
Ricochet Ring
"Bounding Bangle", ring on loop of rope, held between hands, ring jumps from lower strand to upper strand
sigma ring\nbracelet ring penetrates onto string with knotted ends\nkarl fulves\npeter warlock and jack miller principle\nmystery ring\nkarl fulves
1987
contemporary handkerchief magic - part one Karl Fulves
Sigma Ring
bracelet ring penetrates onto string with knotted ends
mystery ring\nno. 5, ring onto rope under handkerchief cover\nkarl fulves\npeter warlock and jack miller principle\nsigma ring\nkarl fulves\nreleaso\nkarl fulves\npeter warlock
1988
self-working handkerchief magic Karl Fulves
the cords of phantasia\nno. 8, penetration release with two ropes, silks and wand\nottokar fischer
1988
self-working handkerchief magic Ottokar Fischer
The Cords of Phantasia
No. 8, penetration release with two ropes, silks and wand
the antique shop\nno. 9, release with two ropes and a silk in a box à la dean's box\nhans van baaren
1988
self-working handkerchief magic Hans van Baaren
The Antique Shop
No. 9, release with two ropes and a silk in a box à la Dean's Box
lock-key charm\nlock threaded on rope held by spectators, under handkerchief cover the lock is removed and the key now on the rope\nphilip t. goldstein
1989
a phil goldstein collection Philip T. Goldstein
Lock-Key Charm
lock threaded on rope held by spectators, under handkerchief cover the lock is removed and the key now on the rope
ghost knot\nno. 7, slip knot transformed into overhand knot, then rope becomes linked to performer's jacket buttonhole\nhorace e. bennett\nghost knot\nhorace e. bennett
1990
self-working rope magic Horace E. Bennett
Ghost Knot
No. 7, slip knot transformed into overhand knot, then rope becomes linked to performer's jacket buttonhole
releaso\nno. 61, ring onto rope\nkarl fulves\npeter warlock\nmystery ring\nkarl fulves\nmiller's move\njack miller
1990
self-working rope magic Karl Fulves, Peter Warlock
locked in place\nno. 64, rope tied between both wrists of performer, ribbon around it through keyhole, penetration\n unknown
1990
self-working rope magic
Unknown
Locked in Place
No. 64, rope tied between both wrists of performer, ribbon around it through keyhole, penetration
the ring, shoelace, and straw routine\nring travels from hand to hand, penetrates string, string penetrates straw\nmichael close\nthe straw and shoelace\nmichael close
1991
workers number 2 Michael Close
The Ring, Shoelace, and Straw Routine
ring travels from hand to hand, penetrates string, string penetrates straw
physical medium\njacket is removed while thumbs are tied\nalex elmsley\nphysical medium\nalex elmsley
1991
the collected works of alex elmsley - volume 1 Alex Elmsley
el aro en la varita y en la cuerda\ntranslation by ascanio
1.) ring on stick (el aro en la varita)
2.) mohammed bey's ring on rope routine\nsam leo horowitz\nmohammed bey's ring on stick\nsam leo horowitz\nmohammed bey's ring on rope routine\nsam leo horowitz
1992
la magia de ascanio - vol. 5 Sam Leo Horowitz
El Aro en la Varita y en la Cuerda
translation by Ascanio
1.) Ring on Stick (El aro en la varita)
2.) Mohammed Bey's Ring on Rope Routine
the straw and shoelace\nstring penetrates straw\nmichael close\nthe ring, shoelace, and straw routine\nmichael close
1994
a workers series sampler Michael Close
behind that door\nno. 19, rope to wrist, other end held by spectator, ring onto rope when out of sight behind a door\nkarl fulves
1995
easy magic Karl Fulves
Behind That Door
No. 19, rope to wrist, other end held by spectator, ring onto rope when out of sight behind a door
insto transpo\n"methods?"
rope through cup's handle, finger ring dropped in cup, now cup drops and ring is on rope instead, posed as problem\nkarl fulves
1996
the fine print Karl Fulves
Insto Transpo
"Methods?"
rope through cup's handle, finger ring dropped in cup, now cup drops and ring is on rope instead, posed as problem
ring in bottle\nsolution to problem, finger ring on two ropes, ropes tied around bottle and pulled, ropes penetrates bottle and ring is inside bottle\nronald j. dayton\nkarl fulves\nring in bottle\nkarl fulves
1998
the fine print Ronald J. Dayton, Karl Fulves
Ring In Bottle
solution to problem, finger ring on two ropes, ropes tied around bottle and pulled, ropes penetrates bottle and ring is inside bottle
linked\ntwo ropes hanging on performer's shoulder link, see also ring & tape sequence in "sefalaljia"\npaul curry\nsefalaljia\nstewart james\nlinked\npaul curry\nloops entwined\njack avis
2001
paul curry's worlds beyond Paul Curry
Linked
two ropes hanging on performer's shoulder link, see also ring & tape sequence in "Sefalaljia"
on and off\ntwo ribbon rings threaded through a nut and lowered into a hat, under a handkerchief the selected ribbon penetrates the nut, brema nut\npaul curry\non and off\npaul curry
2001
paul curry's worlds beyond Paul Curry
On and Off
two ribbon rings threaded through a nut and lowered into a hat, under a handkerchief the selected ribbon penetrates the nut, brema nut
first class passage\na ring is threaded onto a rope, in between two rings that are knotted onto the rope\nstewart james\nmarketed by sterling, 1947\na new ropes and rings experiment\nstanley collins
2007
the essential stewart james Stewart James
First Class Passage
A ring is threaded onto a rope, in between two rings that are knotted onto the rope
cord-a-cup\nhandle of coffee cup is threaded on rope, cup penetrates rope, with normal cup\npatrick page\nanverdi two off\ntony anverdi\nentfesselt\nchristian scherer
2011
magic page by page Patrick Page
Cord-A-Cup
handle of coffee cup is threaded on rope, cup penetrates rope, with normal cup
the prisoners escape\nhandling for grandmother's necklace\ndr. stanley jaks\n"the prisoners escape" in "hugard's magic monthly" february, 1948
2014
the incredible dr. jaks Dr. Stanley Jaks
The Prisoners Escape
handling for Grandmother's Necklace
Also published here
"The Prisoners Escape" in "Hugard's Magic Monthly" February, 1948
entfesselt\nhandle of coffee cup is threaded on rope, cup penetrates rope behind back, with normal cup\nchristian scherer\npatrick page's "cord-a-cup" in "magic page by page" 2011, p. 224.\nmoniker\neric mason\noff the handle\ncaptain f.w. collins\njohn ramsay\nbob ostin\nmason's moniker modified\nray waters\ncord-a-cup\npatrick page
2018
entfesselt Christian Scherer
Entfesselt
handle of coffee cup is threaded on rope, cup penetrates rope behind back, with normal cup
Inspired by
Patrick Page's "Cord-a-Cup" in "Magic Page by Page" 2011, p. 224.