Theory and General Comments
| Creators | Title | Comments & References | Year | Source | Page | AA | Categories | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carl Willmann | Briefkasten | Aug. 1902 |
Die Zauberwelt
(Vol. 8 No. 8)
|
|||||
| William S. Houghton | Conclusion | 1943 | ||||||
| C. L. Boarde | General Remarks | 1947 | ||||||
| C. L. Boarde | Miscellaneous | 1947 | ||||||
| George B. Anderson* | Mental Card Magic | 1949 | ||||||
| Al Baker | Mental Card Tricks | 1949 | ||||||
| Al Baker | Recapitulation of Al Baker's Rules for Effective Mental Magic | 1949 | ||||||
| Ormond McGill | Our Psychic Powers | 1951 | ||||||
| Ormond McGill | The Presentation of Miracle | 1951 | ||||||
| Amazing James Randi | Mentalism Tip | Aug. 1955 |
Ibidem
(Issue 2)
|
|||||
| Tony Corinda, Maurice Fogel | An Interview with Fogel | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Mediumistic Patter | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Establishing "Atmosphere" in the Seance Room | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | The Stage Medium | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Introduction to Mentalism with Cards | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Introduction | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Answering Questions Known | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Answering Questions From Platform | 1959 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda | Part Two: Dealing with Questions Unknown | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | On the Presentation of Mentalism | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | On Zodiac Readings | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | The Serious Business of Mentalism | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | Factors to Recognize | 1959 | ||||||
| Sydney Bergson | Further Thoughts on Mentalism | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | The Build-Up | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | Your Program | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | Programming | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | Presentation | 1959 | ||||||
| Robert A. Nelson | Comedy Relief | 1959 | ||||||
| Arthur Hastings | The Study of ESP | 1960 | ||||||
| David Hoy | Background and Bold Approach of Dr. Faust | 1963 | ||||||
| Dr. Stanley Jaks | A Letter from Jaks | Aug. 1963 |
Ibidem
(Issue 29)
|
|||||
| James G. Thompson Jr. | Entre Nous | 1967 | ||||||
| George B. Anderson* | The Basic Premis | 1968 | ||||||
| George B. Anderson* | Your Props | 1968 | ||||||
| Tony "Doc" Shiels | Chapter Four - Presenting the Preternatural | 1968 | ||||||
| Tony "Doc" Shiels | The Fright Thing | 1968 | ||||||
| Gene Nielsen* | 89c Fooler | 1972 |
Magick
(Issue 50)
|
|||||
| Robert Schwarz | Ten Psychological Subtleties for Mentalists | 1972 |
Magick
(Issue 55)
|
|||||
| Guy Thompson | Put the Mental into Mentalism | 1972 |
Magick
(Issue 61)
|
|||||
| William Larsen | Palmistry and the Multi-Purpose Reading - Part 1 | 1972 |
Magick
(Issue 63)
|
|||||
| William Larsen | Palmistry and the Multi-Purpose Reading - Part 2 | 1972 |
Magick
(Issue 65)
|
|||||
| Edward G. Brown | A Brief Analysis of the Principles of Mental Magic | 1973 | ||||||
| Edward G. Brown | Forcing | 1973 | ||||||
| Juan Tamariz | La Magia Mental | 1973 | ||||||
| Sydney Bergson | Mentalism Cannot be Done in Pantomime | 1973 |
Magick
(Issue 71)
|
|||||
| William Larsen | Larsen on Fortune Telling - Part 1 | 1973 |
Magick
(Issue 75)
|
|||||
| William Larsen | Larsen on Fortune Telling - Part 2 | 1973 |
Magick
(Issue 77)
|
|||||
| William Larsen | Larsen on Fortune Telling - Part 3 | 1973 |
Magick
(Issue 79)
|
|||||
| Gerald Fulton | The Un-Program | 1973 |
Magick
(Issue 81)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Mentalism - The Approach is Personal | 1973 |
Magick
(Issue 89)
|
|||||
| John D. Pomeroy | Mentology | 1973 | ||||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Some Notes on the Use of Billets - Part 1 | 1974 |
Magick
(Issue 93)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Some Notes on the Use of Billets - Part 2 | 1974 |
Magick
(Issue 95)
|
|||||
| Ray Waters | Some Notes on the Use of Billets - Part 3 | 1974 |
Magick
(Issue 97)
|
|||||
| Chandler Mason | Mason on Mentalism | 1974 |
Magick
(Issue 101)
|
|||||
| Raymond Hafler | Mentalism Can Be Entertaining | 1974 |
Magick
(Issue 113)
|
|||||
| David Douglas | ESP - What It's All About! | 1974 |
Magick
(Issue 117)
|
|||||
| B.C. Milnov | A Mental Frame of Mind | 1975 |
Magick
(Issue 133)
|
|||||
| Bascom Jones | Magic Versus Mentalism | 1975 |
Magick
(Issue 139)
|
|||||
| Tony "Doc" Shiels | You Can be a Super-Psychic | 1975 |
Magick
(Issue 143)
|
|||||
| Stephen Minch | Some Preliminary Remarks and Opinions of the Performing of Psychokinetic Effects in Particular and Mentalism in General | 1975 | ||||||
| Uriah Fuller* | Part I: General Observations | 1975 | ||||||
| Philip T. Goldstein* | Introduction | 1976 | ||||||
| Al Mann | A Tractate on Fabulous Card Effects for the Mentalist | 1976 | ||||||
| Anthony Raven | On the Presentation of Magick | 1976 |
Magick
(Issue 145)
|
|||||
| Anthony Raven | On the Presentation of Mentalism | 1976 |
Magick
(Issue 147)
|
|||||
| Sandy Spillman | There are no Silent Mental Acts | 1976 |
Magick
(Issue 163)
|
|||||
| Sandy Spillman | Mentalism - For Fun or Profit | 1976 |
Magick
(Issue 169)
|
|||||
| Tony "Doc" Shiels | After Uri... Super PSI | 1976 | ||||||
| Tony "Doc" Shiels | The Hoax Hex and Other Tall Tales | 1976 | ||||||
| Tony "Doc" Shiels | Impossibilities | 1976 | ||||||
| Philip T. Goldstein* | Introduction | 1977 | ||||||
| Al Mann | A Pause | 1977 | ||||||
| Jack Kent Tillar | Music for Mentalists | 1977 |
Magick
(Issue 175)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Fortunetelling is Serious Business | 1977 |
Magick
(Issue 183)
|
|||||
| Bascom Jones | Anatomy of a Mentalists | 1977 |
Magick
(Issue 185)
|
|||||
| Barrie Richardson | Banquet Mentalism - The Ready-Made Audience | 1977 |
Magick
(Issue 193)
|
|||||
| Robert Cassidy | And in Conclusion | 1977 | ||||||
| Harry Lorayne | Mental Effects | 1977 | ||||||
| Karl Fulves* | 7 - Mental Magic | 1977 | ||||||
| Karl Fulves* | How to Spot Fraudulent Psychics | 1977 | ||||||
| Tony Corinda, Maurice Fogel | Ein Interview mit Fogel | Mar. 1977 |
Intermagic
(Vol. 4 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Fredric Kolb | All-Purpose 'Back-Up' Routine | 1978 |
Magick
(Issue 197)
|
|||||
| Maurice Fogel | Reflections of a Professional Mentalist | 1978 |
Magick
(Issue 213)
|
|||||
| Dorfay | Not Merely Mental | 1979 |
Magick
(Issue 229)
|
|||||
| George B. Anderson* | Anderson on Mentalism | 1979 |
Magick
(Issue 239)
|
|||||
| Orville Wayne Meyer | Mentalism "My Way" | 1979 |
Magick
(Issue 247)
|
|||||
| Jaime Espier | Consideraciones en Torno al Mentalismo | July 1979 |
Circular de la Escuela Mágica de Madrid
(Vol. 5 No. 55)
|
|||||
| Sandy Kross* | Television: Think Big, Start Small | 1980 |
Magick
(Issue 251)
|
|||||
| David Hoy | ESP, According to Hoy | 1980 |
Magick
(Issue 257)
|
|||||
| Rick Johnsson | Belief is the Essence of Deception | 1980 |
Magick
(Issue 259)
|
|||||
| Hugh Riley | In the Beginning there was Man | 1980 |
Magick
(Issue 261)
|
|||||
| Karl Fulves* | The Supermind Scenario | 1980 | ||||||
| Uriah Fuller* | Introduction | 1980 | ||||||
| Uriah Fuller* | 14. Miscellaneous Thoughts of Chairman Fuller | 1980 | ||||||
| David Douglas | Soft Core Disclaimers not Rated X | Apr. 1980 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Mental Magic Versus Mentalism | July 1980 | ||||||
| Sandy Spillman | Mentalism For Fun or Profit | 1980 | ||||||
| Steve Spillman | The Spill Shill | 1980 | ||||||
| Stanton Carlisle | Money Making Mentalism | 1980 | ||||||
| Jaime Espier | Fichas Magicas | Apr. 1980 |
Circular de la Escuela Mágica de Madrid
(Vol. 6 No. 64)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Omnimancy | 1981 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Omnimancy)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Psychometry | 1981 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Psychometry)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Presentation | 1981 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Psychometry)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Scrypt | 1981 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Scrypt)
|
|||||
| Myriam Ruthchild | Anatomy of a Psychic | 1981 |
Magick
(Issue 281)
|
|||||
| George B. Anderson* | Authentic Mentalism | 1981 |
Magick
(Issue 289)
|
|||||
| Myriam Ruthchild | Anatomy of A Computer Psychic - Part I | 1981 |
Magick
(Issue 295)
|
|||||
| Myriam Ruthchild | Anatomy of A Computer Psychic - Part II | 1981 |
Magick
(Issue 297)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Deckalogue | 1982 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Deckalogue)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Grymwyr | 1982 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Grymwyr)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Octasm | 1982 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Octasm)
|
|||||
| Robert Dorian | The Professional Mentalist: The State of the Art 1982 | 1982 | ||||||
| Henry H. Fields | Mentalism: The Plausible Impossibility | 1982 | ||||||
| Ed Fowler* | Professionalism | 1982 | ||||||
| Bascom Jones | Magic versus Mentalism | 1982 | ||||||
| Stephen Minch | Notes Against Orthodoxy: A series of Little Essays on the Search for Normalcy in Mentalism | 1982 | ||||||
| Al Mann | Lecture | 1983 | ||||||
| Alessandro de Luca, Theophil "Philius" Weidmann | Zauberkünstler und Mentalmagie | 1983 | ||||||
| Alessandro de Luca, Theophil "Philius" Weidmann | Einige der wichtigsten Regeln der Mentalmagie | 1983 | ||||||
| Alessandro de Luca, Theophil "Philius" Weidmann | Zum Thema "Uebersinnliche Fähigkeiten" | 1983 | ||||||
| Alessandro de Luca, Theophil "Philius" Weidmann | Tips und Anregungen | 1983 | ||||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Cardiact | 1984 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Cardiact)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Spyryt | 1984 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Spyryt)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Thynk | 1984 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Thynk)
|
|||||
| Stephen Minch | Coda - On the Problems of the Negative Outcome in Mentalism | 1984 | ||||||
| Jon Racherbaumer | On Mentalism | 1984 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Presentation of Mentalism | 1984 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Handling the Audience | 1984 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Playing Cards in Mentalism | 1984 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Ethics in Mentalism | 1984 | ||||||
| Rudolf Braunmüller | Humor für Mentalisten | May 1984 |
Intermagic
(Vol. 11 No. 1)
|
|||||
| Rudolf Braunmüller | Humor für Mentalisten | May 1984 |
Intermagic
(Vol. 11 No. 1)
|
|||||
| Danny Korem | Mind Meddlers - Love is a Trick | 1985 | ||||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Myxtyr | 1985 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Myxtyr)
|
|||||
| Thomas Alan Waters | Fynys | 1985 |
Mind, Myth & Magick
(Issue Fynys)
|
|||||
| Charles W. Simon | On the Technique of Stashing | May 1985 |
Magick
(Issue 351)
|
|||||
| Marshall Johnson | The Keys to Success - Part I | Nov. 1985 |
Magick
(Issue 361)
|
|||||
| Bruce Bernstein | Mentalism - A Personal View | 1985 | ||||||
| Marshall Johnson | The Keys to Success - Part II | Jan. 1986 |
Magick
(Issue 363)
|
|||||
| Dr. Juris* | Fortunetelling and the Law - An Update - Part I | Aug. 1986 |
Magick
(Issue 375)
|
|||||
| Dr. Juris* | Fortunetelling and the Law - An Update - Part II | Sep. 1986 |
Magick
(Issue 377)
|
|||||
| Eugene Burger | 12. Character and Claims | 1986 | ||||||
| Jonathan Cooke | Ghost Show Daze | Aug. 1990 |
Magick
(Issue 443)
|
|||||
| Jonathan Cooke | Ghost Show Daze - Part II | Sep. 1990 |
Magick
(Issue 445)
|
|||||
| Richard J. Weibel, Bascom Jones | Advertising for the Private Reader | Dec. 1990 |
Magick
(Issue 449)
|
|||||
| Steve "Banachek" Shaw | Thoughts About My Style | 1990 /1999 | ||||||
| Steve "Banachek" Shaw | Magician Theories | 1990 /1999 | ||||||
| Steve "Banachek" Shaw | The Roger Klause Theory | 1990 /1999 | ||||||
| Steve "Banachek" Shaw | Everything You Have Read So Far My Be Wrong! | 1990 /1999 | ||||||
| Christoph Borer | Risiko - einige Gedanken | 1991 | ||||||
| Karroll Priest | Test Condition Second Sight - Part I | Mar. 1991 |
Magick
(Issue 453)
|
|||||
| Diabelli | Mentale Unterhaltung - Was ist das? | 1991 | ||||||
| Diabelli | Programmgestaltung - Präsentation | 1991 | ||||||
| Diabelli | Der Zuschauer hat immer recht! | 1991 | ||||||
| T. Page Wright | Chapter 13 - Mental Effects with Cards | 1991 | ||||||
| Bruce Rudolph | Psychic Entertainment Well Done | May/June 1991 |
The Magic Menu
(Vol. 1 No. 5)
|
|||||
| Ross Johnson | Touch of Style | Feb. 1992 |
Magick
(Issue 468)
|
|||||
| Richard Mark | Presentation | 1992 | ||||||
| Mark Edward | Bare-hand Bookings | Aug. 1993 |
Magick
(Issue 493)
|
|||||
| Steve Dusheck, James M. Klein | Mental Magic | 1993 | ||||||
| Mark Edward | Seance: A Different Kind Of Magical Experience | Oct. 1993 |
MAGIC
(Vol. 3 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Joseph Dunninger, Steve Shaw, Vernon Lee, Tony "Doc" Shiels | Disclaimers That Don't | Oct. 1993 |
MAGIC
(Vol. 3 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Jonathan Cooke | Disclaimers | Mar. 1993 |
Vibrations
(Vol. 15 No. 9)
|
|||||
| Al Mann | Challenges | 1994 | ||||||
| Jack Dean | Routining Your Mental Act | June 1994 |
Vibrations
(Vol. 16 No. 12)
|
|||||
| Steven Brehe | Syllabic Revelation | Nov. 1994 |
Vibrations
(Vol. 17 No. 5)
|
|||||
| Bruce Bernstein | A Few Thoughts About Magicians and Mentalists | 1994 | ||||||
| John Riggs | On the Presentation of Mentalism | 1995 | ||||||
| Theophil "Philius" Weidmann | Liebe Zauberkolleginnen, Liebe Zauberkollegen | 1995 | ||||||
| Theophil "Philius" Weidmann | Intermezzo | 1995 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | An Overview of the Act | 1995 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Magician's Guilt, its Causes and Cure (Including the Real Secrets of Mentalism) | 1995 | ||||||
| John Riggs | Nuggets of Knowledge | 1995 |
Syzygy
(Vol. 1 No. Quarterly Supplement #2)
|
|||||
| Lee Earle | Junction | 1995 |
Syzygy
(Vol. 1 No. Quarterly Supplement #3)
|
|||||
| David Ashton | The Coffee House Psychic | 1995 |
Syzygy
(Vol. 1 No. Quarterly Supplement #4)
|
|||||
| Travis Nelson | Touch Technique | 1995 |
Syzygy
(Vol. 2 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Mark Strivings | Some general observations... | 1996 | ||||||
| Mark Strivings | Routining | 1996 | ||||||
| Mark Strivings | Approaching The Table | 1996 | ||||||
| Basil Horwitz | Foreword | 1997 | ||||||
| Terry Seabrooke | Terry Goes Mental | Aug. 1997 |
Mind & Magic Magazine
(Vol. 1 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Mark Strivings | Mentalism Up-Close | Jan./Feb. 1997 |
The Magic Menu
(Vol. 7 No. 39)
|
|||||
| Andy Nyman | The Screw up Factor | 1997 | ||||||
| Mark Strivings | Just Thinking | Sep./Oct. 1998 |
The Magic Menu
(Vol. 9 No. 49)
|
|||||
| Jas Jakutsch* | "Pumping" & Progressive Anagrams | 1999 | ||||||
| Jas Jakutsch* | Intuitive Extrapolations on the QB Test | 1999 | ||||||
| Barrie Richardson | Chapter VI: Intimate Mentalism | 1999 | ||||||
| Lee Earle | Essentials for Excellence | 1999 |
Syzygy
(Vol. 4 No. 0Q160 Q16)
|
|||||
| Robert Cassidy | Bob's Tips | 1999 | ||||||
| Mark Strivings | Just Thinking | July/Aug. 1999 |
The Magic Menu
(Vol. 9 No. 54)
|
|||||
| Paul Alberstat | Focus on Mentalism: Mentalism 101 | Dec. 1999 |
Channel One
(Vol. 1 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Paul Alberstat | PSIncerely Yours: Creating the Legend | Sep. 1999 |
Channel One
(Vol. 2 No. 5)
|
|||||
| Richard Mark | Psychic Entertainment and Communication Channels | 2000 | ||||||
| Richard Mark | The Real Secret: The Presentation Of Psychic Entertainment | 2000 | ||||||
| Richard Mark | Chapter Eight | 2000 | ||||||
| Paul Alberstat | Focus on Mentalism | June 2000 |
Channel One
(Vol. 1 No. 4)
|
|||||
| Derren Brown | You're supposed to be reading minds | Sep. 2000 |
Channel One
(Vol. 2 No. 5)
|
|||||
| Paul Alberstat | PSIncerely Yours: Blowing your own | Dec. 2000 |
Channel One
(Vol. 2 No. 6)
|
|||||
| Paul Alberstat | PSIncerely Yours: Believe in yourself | Mar. 2001 |
Channel One
(Vol. 2 No. 7)
|
|||||
| Chuck Hickok | Entertainment and Mentalism for Corporate Audiences | 2002 | ||||||
| Chuck Hickok | Eight Guidelines for Performing Mentalism to Corporate Audiences | 2002 | ||||||
| Chuck Hickok | Three Kinds of Pre-Show Work | 2002 | ||||||
| Chuck Hickok | My Disclaimer | 2002 | ||||||
| Barrie Richardson | Some Thoughts on Mentalism | June 2002 |
Genii
(Vol. 65 No. 6)
|
|||||
| Jamy Ian Swiss | Mentalism Grows Up | 2002 | ||||||
| Al Baker | Mental Card Tricks | 2003 |
The Secret Ways of Al Baker
(Issue Mental Magic)
|
|||||
| Al Baker | Recapitulation of Al Baker's Rules for Effective Mental Magic | 2003 |
The Secret Ways of Al Baker
(Issue Mental Magic)
|
|||||
| Luke Jermay | First Thing First | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | The Power of Silence | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay, Steve "Banachek" Shaw | The 'Old Witchdoctor' | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | The Building Block Technique | 2003 | ||||||
| Kenton Knepper | What Are You Suggesting by Using Suggesting? | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | Mixing Magic and Mentalism | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | Methodology - A Brief Look at Modern Bizarre Magick | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | Zeroing In | 2003 | ||||||
| Max Maven* | On Bizarre Magic | 2003 | ||||||
| Ormond McGill | The Presentation of a Miracle | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Fellows | Beginning in Mentalism | 2003 | ||||||
| Derren Brown | The Devil's Picture Book | Oct. 2003 |
MAGIC
(Vol. 13 No. 2)
|
|||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principia 134 | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Organizer | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 307.1 | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Other Ways That the Principle Is Applied During a Stage Presentation | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Second Type of Side Effect - The Odd Things That Just Seem To Happen Whenever You Are Around | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Message of Mentalism | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Minimalism | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Mentalism with Playing Cards | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Cards to Use | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | My Personal Utility Items | 2003 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Corvus Manifesto | 2003 | ||||||
| Jay Sankey | Magic And Mentalism | 2003 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | The Psychic vs. The Psychological Performance | 2004 | ||||||
| Luke Jermay | Pre Show Sripting | 2004 | ||||||
| Yaniv Deautsch | Introduction | 2004 | ||||||
| Yaniv Deautsch | Risky Business | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | An Overview of the Act | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Part One - Fire | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 1 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Riding the Web | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 2 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 3 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 4 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 5 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 6 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 7 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | The Journey Continues | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 8 | 2004 | ||||||
| Robert Cassidy | Principium 9 | 2004 | ||||||